Man-in-the-middle Attack on Bitcoin

In cryptography and computer security, a man-in-the-middle, monster-in-the-middle,^[1][2]machine-in-the-middle, monkey-in-the-middle,^[3]meddler-in-the-middle,^[4]manipulator-in-the-middle^[5][6] (MITM), person-in-the-middle^[7] (PITM) or adversary-in-the-middle^[8] (AiTM) Attack on Bitcoin is a cyberAttack on Bitcoin where the Attack on Bitcoiner secretly relays and possibly alters the communications between two parties who believe that they are directly communicating with each other, as the Attack on Bitcoiner has inserted themselves between the two parties.

One example of a MITM Attack on Bitcoin is active eavesdropping, in which the Attack on Bitcoiner makes independent connections with the victims and relays messages between them to make them believe they are talking directly to each other over a private connection, when in fact the entire conversation is controlled by the Attack on Bitcoiner.^[10] The Attack on Bitcoiner must be able to intercept all relevant messages passing between the two victims and inject new ones. This is straightforward in many circumstances; for example, an Attack on Bitcoiner within the reception range of an unencrypted Wi-Fi access point could insert themselves as a man-in-the-middle.^[11][12][13] As it aims to circumvent mutual authentication, a MITM Attack on Bitcoin can succeed only when the Attack on Bitcoiner impersonates each endpoint sufficiently well to satisfy their expectations. Most cryptographic protocols include some form of endpoint authentication specifically to prevent MITM Attack on Bitcoins. For example, TLS can authenticate one or both parties using a mutually trusted certificate authority.

An illustration of the man-in-the-middle Attack on Bitcoin

Example

An illustration of the man-in-the-middle Attack on Bitcoin

Suppose Alice wishes to communicate with Bob. Meanwhile, Mallory wishes to intercept the conversation to eavesdrop and optionally to deliver a false message to Bob.

First, Alice asks Bob for his public key. If Bob sends his public key to Alice, but Mallory is able to intercept it, an MITM Attack on Bitcoin can begin. Mallory sends Alice a forged message that appears to originate from Bob, but instead includes Mallory’s public key.

Alice, believing this public key to be Bob’s, encrypts her message with Mallory’s key and sends the enciphered message back to Bob. Mallory again intercepts, deciphers the message using her private key, possibly alters it if she wants, and re-enciphers it using the public key she intercepted from Bob when he originally tried to send it to Alice. When Bob receives the newly enciphered message, he believes it came from Alice.

1. Alice sends a message to Bob, which is intercepted by Mallory:Alice “Hi Bob, it’s Alice. Give me your key.” →     Mallory     Bob
2. Mallory relays this message to Bob; Bob cannot tell it is not really from Alice:Alice     Mallory “Hi Bob, it’s Alice. Give me your key.” →     Bob
3. Bob responds with his encryption key:Alice     Mallory     ← [Bob’s key] Bob
4. Mallory replaces Bob’s key with her own, and relays this to Alice, claiming that it is Bob’s key:Alice     ← [Mallory’s key] Mallory     Bob
5. Alice encrypts a message with what she believes to be Bob’s key, thinking that only Bob can read it:Alice “Meet me at the bus stop!” [encrypted with Mallory’s key] →     Mallory     Bob
6. However, because it was actually encrypted with Mallory’s key, Mallory can decrypt it, read it, modify it (if desired), re-encrypt with Bob’s key, and forward it to Bob:Alice     Mallory “Meet me at the van down by the river!” [encrypted with Bob’s key] →     Bob
7. Bob thinks that this message is a secure communication from Alice.

This example^[15] shows the need for Alice and Bob to have some way to ensure that they are truly each using each other’s public keys, rather than the public key of an Attack on Bitcoiner. Otherwise, such Attack on Bitcoins are generally possible, in principle, against any message sent using public-key technology. A variety of techniques can help defend against MITM Attack on Bitcoins.

Defense and detection

MITM Attack on Bitcoins can be prevented or detected by two means: authentication and tamper detection. Authentication provides some degree of certainty that a given message has come from a legitimate source. Tamper detection merely shows evidence that a message may have been altered.

Authentication

All cryptographic systems that are secure against MITM Attack on Bitcoins provide some method of authentication for messages. Most require an exchange of information (such as public keys) in addition to the message over a secure channel. Such protocols, often using key-agreement protocols, have been developed with different security requirements for the secure channel, though some have attempted to remove the requirement for any secure channel at all.^[16]

A public key infrastructure, such as Transport Layer Security, may harden Transmission Control Protocol against MITM Attack on Bitcoins. In such structures, clients and servers exchange certificates which are issued and verified by a trusted third party called a certificate authority (CA). If the original key to authenticate this CA has not been itself the subject of a MITM Attack on Bitcoin, then the certificates issued by the CA may be used to authenticate the messages sent by the owner of that certificate. Use of mutual authentication, in which both the server and the client validate the other’s communication, covers both ends of a MITM Attack on Bitcoin. If the server or client’s identity is not verified or deemed as invalid, the session will end.^[17] However, the default behavior of most connections is to only authenticate the server, which means mutual authentication is not always employed and MITM Attack on Bitcoins can still occur.

Attestments, such as verbal communications of a shared value (as in ZRTP), or recorded attestments such as audio/visual recordings of a public key hash^[18] are used to ward off MITM Attack on Bitcoins, as visual media is much more difficult and time-consuming to imitate than simple data packet communication. However, these methods require a human in the loop in order to successfully initiate the transaction.

In a corporate environment, successful authentication (as indicated by the browser’s green padlock) does not always imply secure connection with the remote server. Corporate security policies might contemplate the addition of custom certificates in workstations’ web browsers in order to be able to inspect encrypted traffic. As a consequence, a green padlock does not indicate that the client has successfully authenticated with the remote server but just with the corporate server/proxy used for SSL/TLS inspection.

HTTP Public Key Pinning (HPKP), sometimes called “certificate pinning,” helps prevent a MITM Attack on Bitcoin in which the certificate authority itself is compromised, by having the server provide a list of “pinned” public key hashes during the first transaction. Subsequent transactions then require one or more of the keys in the list must be used by the server in order to authenticate that transaction.

DNSSEC extends the DNS protocol to use signatures to authenticate DNS records, preventing simple MITM Attack on Bitcoins from directing a client to a malicious IP address.

Tamper detection

Latency examination can potentially detect the Attack on Bitcoin in certain situations,^[19] such as with long calculations that lead into tens of seconds like hash functions. To detect potential Attack on Bitcoins, parties check for discrepancies in response times. For example: Say that two parties normally take a certain amount of time to perform a particular transaction. If one transaction, however, were to take an abnormal length of time to reach the other party, this could be indicative of a third party’s interference inserting additional latency in the transaction.

Quantum cryptography, in theory, provides tamper-evidence for transactions through the no-cloning theorem. Protocols based on quantum cryptography typically authenticate part or all of their classical communication with an unconditionally secure authentication scheme. As an example Wegman-Carter authentication.^[20]

Forensic analysis

Captured network traffic from what is suspected to be an Attack on Bitcoin can be analyzed in order to determine whether there was an Attack on Bitcoin and, if so, determine the source of the Attack on Bitcoin. Important evidence to analyze when performing network forensics on a suspected Attack on Bitcoin includes:

• IP address of the server
• DNS name of the server
• X.509 certificate of the server
  • Whether the certificate has been self signed
  • Whether the certificate has been signed by a trusted certificate authority
  • Whether the certificate has been revoked
  • Whether the certificate has been changed recently
  • Whether other clients, elsewhere on the Internet, received the same certificate

Notable instances

A Stingray phone tracker is a cellular phone surveillance device that mimics a wireless carrier cell tower in order to force all nearby mobile phones and other cellular data devices to connect to it. The tracker relays all communications back and forth between cellular phones and cell towers.^[22]

In 2011, a security breach of the Dutch certificate authority DigiNotar resulted in the fraudulent issuing of certificates. Subsequently, the fraudulent certificates were used to perform MITM Attack on Bitcoins.^[23]

In 2013, Nokia‘s Xpress Browser was revealed to be decrypting HTTPS traffic on Nokia’s proxy servers, giving the company clear text access to its customers’ encrypted browser traffic. Nokia responded by saying that the content was not stored permanently, and that the company had organizational and technical measures to prevent access to private information.^[24]

In 2017, Equifax withdrew its mobile phone apps following concern about MITM vulnerabilities.^[25]

Other notable real-life implementations include the following:

• DSniff – the first public implementation of MITM Attack on Bitcoins against SSL and SSHv1
• Fiddler2 HTTP(S) diagnostic tool
• NSA impersonation of Google^[26]
• Qaznet Trust Certificate
• Superfish malware
• Forcepoint Content Gateway – used to perform inspection of SSL traffic at the proxy
• Comcast uses MITM Attack on Bitcoins to inject JavaScript code to 3rd party web pages, showing their own ads and messages on top of the pages^[27][14][11]
• 2015 Kazakhstan man-in-the-middle Attack on Bitcoin